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IIBA IIBA-CCA技術問題 & IIBA-CCA認証pdf資料
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IIBA IIBA-CCA 認定試験の出題範囲:
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素敵なIIBA-CCA技術問題 & 合格スムーズIIBA-CCA認証pdf資料 | 有効的なIIBA-CCA更新版
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IIBA Certificate in Cybersecurity Analysis 認定 IIBA-CCA 試験問題 (Q19-Q24):
質問 # 19
Which of the following would qualify as a multi-factor authentication pair?
- A. Something You Know and Something You Are
- B. Password and Token
- C. Encryption and Password
- D. Thumbprint and Encryption
正解:A
解説:
Multi-factor authentication requires a user to prove identity using two or more different factor types. Cybersecurity standards describe the main factor categories as something you know (for example, a password or PIN), something you have (for example, a hardware token, smart card, or authenticator app producing a one-time code), and something you are (biometrics such as fingerprint, face, or iris). A valid MFA pair must come from different categories, not just two items from the same category or a mix of authentication with non-authentication concepts.
Option B is correct because it explicitly combines two distinct factor types: a knowledge factor and an inherence factor. This pairing is widely recognized as MFA because compromising one factor does not automatically compromise the other: an attacker who steals a password still needs the biometric, and spoofing a biometric does not provide the secret knowledge factor.
Option A is incorrect because "encryption" is not an authentication factor; it is a protection mechanism for confidentiality and integrity of data. Option D has the same problem: encryption is not a user factor. Option C can represent MFA in many real implementations if "token" is truly a possession factor; however, training materials and exam items often prefer the clearest, unambiguous factor-language pairing, which is why "Something You Know and Something You Are" is the best single answer here.
質問 # 20
What does non-repudiation mean in the context of web security?
- A. Ensuring that all data has not been altered in an unauthorized manner while being transmitted between web servers
- B. Providing permission to use web server resources according to security policies and specified procedures, so that the activity can be audited
- C. Ensuring that all traffic between web servers must be securely encrypted
- D. Providing the sender of a message with proof of delivery, and the receiver with proof of the sender's identity
正解:D
解説:
Non-repudiation is a security property that provides verifiable evidence of an action or communication so that the parties involved cannot credibly deny their participation later. In web security, it most commonly means being able to prove who sent a message or performed a transaction and, in many cases, that the message was received and recorded. This is why option D is correct: it captures the idea of giving the receiver proof of the sender's identity and giving the sender evidence that the message or transaction was delivered or accepted.
Cybersecurity guidance typically associates non-repudiation with digital signatures, strong identity binding, and protected audit evidence. A digital signature uses asymmetric cryptography so that only the holder of a private key can sign, while anyone with the public key can verify the signature. When combined with trusted certificates, accurate time sources, and protected logs, this creates strong accountability. Non-repudiation also depends on maintaining the integrity of supporting evidence, such as tamper-resistant audit logs, secure log retention, and controlled access to signing keys.
It is different from confidentiality (encryption of traffic), and different from integrity alone (preventing unauthorized modification). It is also different from authorization and auditing, which support accountability but do not, by themselves, provide cryptographic-grade proof that a specific entity performed a specific action. Non-repudiation is especially important for high-trust transactions such as approvals, payments, and legally binding communications.
質問 # 21
What risk factors should the analyst consider when assessing the Overall Likelihood of a threat?
- A. Risk Level, Risk Impact, and Mitigation Strategy
- B. Attack Initiation Likelihood and Initiated Attack Success Likelihood
- C. Overall Site Traffic and Commerce Volume
- D. Past Experience and Trends
正解:B
解説:
In NIST-style risk assessment, overall likelihood is not a single guess; it is derived by considering two related likelihood components. First is the likelihood that a threat event will be initiated. This reflects how probable it is that a threat actor or source will attempt the attack or that a threat event will occur, considering factors such as adversary capability, intent, targeting, opportunity, and environmental conditions. Second is the likelihood that an initiated event will succeed, meaning the attempt results in the adverse outcome. This depends heavily on the organization's existing protections and conditions, including control strength, system exposure, vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, detection and response capability, and user behavior.
Option A matches this structure: analysts evaluate both attack initiation likelihood and initiated attack success likelihood to reach an overall view of likelihood. A high initiation likelihood with low success likelihood might occur when an organization is frequently targeted but has strong defenses. Conversely, low initiation likelihood with high success likelihood might apply to niche systems that are rarely targeted but poorly protected.
The other options are incomplete or misplaced. Risk impact is a separate dimension from likelihood, and mitigation strategy is an output of risk treatment, not an input to likelihood. Site traffic and commerce volume can influence exposure but do not define likelihood by themselves. Past experience and trends are useful evidence, but they support estimating the two likelihood components rather than replacing them.
質問 # 22
Analyst B has discovered unauthorized access to data. What has she discovered?
- A. Ransomware
- B. Hacker
- C. Breach
- D. Threat
正解:C
解説:
Unauthorized access to data is the defining condition of a data breach. In standard cybersecurity terminology, a breach occurs when confidentiality is compromised-meaning data is accessed, acquired, viewed, or exfiltrated by an entity that is not authorized to do so. This is distinct from a "threat," which is only the potential for harm, and distinct from a "hacker," which describes an actor rather than the security outcome. A breach can result from external attackers, malicious insiders, credential theft, misconfigurations, unpatched vulnerabilities, or poor access controls. Cybersecurity guidance typically frames breaches as realized security incidents with measurable impact: exposure of regulated data, loss of intellectual property, fraud risk, reputational harm, and legal/regulatory consequences. Once unauthorized access is confirmed, incident response procedures generally require containment (limit further access), preservation of evidence (logs, system images where appropriate), eradication (remove persistence), and recovery (restore secure operations). Organizations also assess scope-what data types were accessed, how many records, which systems, and the dwell time-and then determine notification obligations where laws or contracts apply. In short, the discovery describes an actual compromise of data confidentiality, which is precisely a breach.
質問 # 23
The hash function supports data in transit by ensuring:
- A. encrypted messages are not shared with another party.
- B. validation that a message originated from a particular user.
- C. a public key is transitioned into a private key.
- D. a message was modified in transit.
正解:D
解説:
A cryptographic hash function supports data in transit primarily by providing integrity assurance. When a sender computes a hash (digest) of a message and the receiver recomputes the hash after receipt, the two digests should match if the message arrived unchanged. If the message is altered in any way while traveling across the network-whether by an attacker, a faulty intermediary device, or transmission errors-the recomputed digest will differ from the original. This difference is the key signal that the message was modified in transit, which is what option B expresses. In practical secure-transport designs, hashes are typically combined with a secret key or digital signature so an attacker cannot simply modify the message and generate a new valid digest. Examples include HMAC for message authentication and digital signatures that hash the content and then sign the hash with a private key. These mechanisms provide integrity and, when keyed or signed, also provide authentication and non-repudiation properties.
Option A is more specifically about authentication of origin, which requires a keyed construction such as HMAC or a signature scheme; a plain hash alone cannot prove who sent the message. Option C is incorrect because keys are not "converted" from public to private. Option D relates to confidentiality, which is provided by encryption, not hashing. Therefore, the best answer is B because hashing enables detection of message modification during transit.
質問 # 24
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